The return of the gatekeepers

“Walter Lippmann was right. There is no substitute for experts in a field, parsing information and serving as the arbiters of truth, and reifying our faith in a shared reality, a shared body of facts.”

For those of us in journalism, media, and political communication who’ve spent the last decade touting the democratic possibilities of digital technologies, 2016 has been a tough year.

danna-youngCritical of the dangers of the consolidation of media ownership, we’ve railed against the powerful, centralized gatekeepers of the past. We’ve scoffed at early-20th-century writings by Lippmann, Bernays, and others and their patronizing way they referred to the masses needing to be instructed, guided, or molded.

We’ve cheered for the citizen empowerment that would accompany the downstream migration of control away from concentrated power-holders into the hands of citizens, consumers, and audiences.

We’ve celebrated the foresight of elected officials who, in the 1980s, understood the democratic potential of digital technologies and made a case for funding their development.

We’ve pointed to Web 2.0 as the ultimate realization of the potential of digital technologies to empower individuals to create, talk back, connect, share, and disseminate original unfiltered content.

But in our optimism and full-throated endorsement of the possibilities of these wondrous technologies, it seems we also lost sight of a fundamental truth. To quote self-made supervillain, Buddy, from the 2004 Pixar film The Incredibles: “When everyone’s super…no one is.”

The rise in digital technologies has been accompanied by trends that are fueling the decentralization of control across our cultural and political institutions — from the declining power of political parties, to a growing lack of faith in traditional journalistic institutions, to public skepticism towards science and intellectual authority.

The result is a giant power vacuum that’s being filled with noise, flattery, and disinformation.

Even the digital platforms whose entire philosophies are rooted in the promise of decentralization are having to face the reality that the pendulum may have swung too far — away from concentrated power in the hands of a few towards distributed power in the hands of all.

Facebook is struggling with the epidemic of false information and “fake news” disseminated through its worldwide platform, and is actively resisting its new identity as news source rather than distribution platform. Twitter is recognizing that its platform is being used as a mechanism for the spread of hate and is being forced to respond before it loses more users and more revenue.

What’s becoming clear in the aftermath of the 2016 election is that it’s true: “When everyone’s powerful…no one is.” And citizens don’t like feeling this way.

Hence the post-election spike in paid subscriptions to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal and the positive trend in Washington Post subscriptions over the past year. Hence the increased public attention to the importance of accountability journalism and the need to pay for it.

The idea of bringing back some form of elite gatekeepers to engage in a check on what is real and what is not — what is important and what is not, what is true and what is not — harkens back to a time and a paradigm that many of us have criticized as elitist or patronizing. But where we find ourselves now is a far more dangerous place. Yes, back then, power was concentrated in the hands a few individuals, entities, and institutions who set the public’s agenda and oriented the public’s attention to a handful of key issues. But these individuals, entities, and institutions were themselves professionalized and formally trained. They had a code of ethics and guiding principles. And while scholars lamented the hierarchical nature of the information environment, the reality is that trust in these institutions was high.

When Walter Cronkite said “And that’s the way it is,” people didn’t say: “No, it isn’t.”

With trust and authority came a shared body of knowledge, a shared set of facts. With shared facts came the opportunity for public debate and shared governance.

And while Facebook considers new algorithms or crowdsourcing solutions to help prevent the spread of fake news, what they’ll soon discover is that although contrary to their philosophical orientation to the information environment, Walter Lippmann was right. There is no substitute for experts in a field, parsing information and serving as the arbiters of truth, and reifying our faith in a shared reality, a shared body of facts.

Which is why 2017 will be the year journalism and distribution platforms will embrace the reality that no, not everyone is super.

Dannagal G. Young is an associate professor of communication at the University of Delaware.

Liz McMillen   The year of deep insights

Sydette Harry   Facing journalism’s history

Michael Oreskes   Reversing the erosion of democracy

Rasmus Kleis Nielsen   News after advertising may look like news before advertising

Laura E. Davis   Show your work

Dannagal G. Young   The return of the gatekeepers

Eric Nuzum   Podcasting stratifies into hard layers

Andrew Ramsammy   Rise of the rebel journalist

Anita Zielina   The sales funnel reaches (and changes) the newsroom

Cindy Royal   Preparing the digital educator-scholar hybrid

Tressie McMillan Cottom   A path through the media’s coming legitimacy crisis

Guy Raz   Inspiration and hope will matter more than ever

Hillary Frey   Forests need to burn to regrow

Felix Salmon   Headlines matter

Errin Haines   Chaos or community?

Rubina Madan Fillion   Snapchat grows up

Joanne Lipman   The year of the drone, really

Priya Ganapati   Mobile websites are ready for reinvention

Erin Millar   The bottom falls out of Canadian media

Megan H. Chan   Cultural reporting goes mainstream

Ole Reißmann   Un-faking the news

Claire Wardle   Verification takes center stage

Sue Schardt   Objectivity, fairness, balance, and love

Tim Herrera   The safe space of service journalism

Trushar Barot   API or die

Zizi Papacharissi   Distracted journalism looks in the mirror

Emi Kolawole   From empathy to community

Carrie Brown-Smith   We won’t do enough

Amy Webb   Journalism as a service

Jonathan Hunt   Measurement companies get with the times

Ken Schwencke   Disaggregation and collection

Juliette De Maeyer and Dominique Trudel   A rebirth of populist journalism

Bill Keller   A healthy skepticism about data

Amy O'Leary   Not just covering communities, reaching them

Kawandeep Virdee   Moving deeper than the machine of clicks

Mary Meehan   Feeling blue in a red state

Maria Bustillos   “It’s true — I saw it on Facebook”

Adam Thomas   The coming collaboration across Europe

Mary Walter-Brown   Getting comfortable asking for money

Andy Rossback   The year of the user

Reyhan Harmanci   Bear witness — but then what?

Umbreen Bhatti   A sense of journalists’ humanity

Mandy Velez   The audience is the source and the story

Carla Zanoni   Prioritizing emotional health

Taylor Lorenz   “Selfie journalism” becomes a thing

AX Mina   2017 is for the attention innovators

Steve Henn   The next revolution is voice

Matt Karolian   AI improves publishing

Libby Bawcombe   Kids board the podcast train

Alexis Lloyd   Public trust for private realities

Elizabeth Jensen   Trust depends on the details

Ryan McCarthy   Platforms grow up or grow more toxic

M. Scott Havens   Quality advertising to pair with quality content

Javaun Moradi   What can we own?

Mathew Ingram   The Faustian Facebook dance continues

Mike Ragsdale   A smarter information diet

Michael Kuntz   Trust is the new click

Katie Zhu   The year of minority media

Liz Danzico   The triumph of the small

Nicholas Quah   Podcasting’s coming class war

Gabriel Snyder   The aberration of 20th-century journalism

Pablo Boczkowski   Fake news and the future of journalism

Tim Griggs   The year we stop taking sides

Laura Walker   Authentic voices, not fake news

Helen Havlak   Chasing mobile search results

Mark Armstrong   Time to pay up

Corey Ford   The year of the rebelpreneur

Lam Thuy Vo   The primary source in the age of mechanical multiplication

Ståle Grut   The battle for high-quality VR

Aja Bogdanoff   Comments start pulling their weight

Emily Goligoski   Incorporating audience feedback at scale

Jeremy Barr   A terrible year for Tiers B through D

Margarita Noriega   From pinning tweets to tweeting pins

Erin Pettigrew   A year of reflection in tech

Scott Dodd   Nonprofits team up for impact

Matt Waite   The people running the media are the problem

Alberto Cairo   Communicating uncertainty to our readers

Rachel Sklar   Women are going to get loud

Christopher Meighan   Unlocking a deeper mobile experience

Sam Ford   The year we talk about our awful metrics

David Weigel   A test for online speech

Molly de Aguiar   Philanthropists galvanize around news

Jim Friedlich   A banner year for venture philanthropy

Almar Latour   Thanks, #fakenews

Peter Sterne   A dangerous anti-press mix

Kathleen Kingsbury   Print as a premium offering

Moreno Cruz Osório   The year of transparency in Brazilian journalism

Dhiya Kuriakose   The year of digital detoxing

Ray Soto   VR moves from experiments to immersion

Olivia Ma   The year collaboration beats competition

Jon Slade   Trusted news, at a premium

Coleen O'Lear   Back to basics

Ashley C. Woods   Local journalism will fight a new fight

S.P. Sullivan   Baking transparency into our routines

Dan Gillmor   Fix the demand side of news too

Millie Tran   International expansion without colonial overtones

Robert Hernandez   History will exclude you, again

Sarah Marshall   Focusing on the why of the click

Juan Luis Sánchez   Your predictions are our present

Rebekah Monson   Journalism is community-as-a-service

Asma Khalid   The year of the newsy podcast

Ariane Bernard   Better data about your users

Sara M. Watson   There is no neutral interface

Andrea Silenzi   Podcasts dive into breaking news analysis

Nushin Rashidian   A rise in high-price, high-value subscriptions

Mario García   Virtual reality on mobile leaps forward

Nathalie Malinarich   Making it easy

Richard Tofel   The country doesn’t trust us — but they do believe us

Vivian Schiller   Tested like never before

Sarah Wolozin   Virtual reality on the open web

Keren Goldshlager   Defining a focus, and then saying no

Andrew Haeg   The year of listening

Geetika Rudra   Journalism is community

Julia Beizer   Building a coherent core identity

Andrew Losowsky   Building our own communities

Caitlin Thompson   High touch, high value

Francesco Marconi   The year of augmented writing

Samantha Barry   Messaging apps go mainstream

Swati Sharma   Failing diversity is failing journalism

Doris Truong   Connecting with diverse perspectives

Jonathan Stray   A boom in responsible conservative media

Melody Kramer   Radically rethinking design

Ernst-Jan Pfauth   Earn trust by working for (and with) readers

Lee Glendinning   A call for great editing

Mira Lowe   News literacy, bias, and “Hamilton”

Rachel Schallom   Stop flying over the flyover states

Renée Kaplan   Pure reach has reached its limit

Amie Ferris-Rotman   Вслед за Россией

Dan Colarusso   Let’s make live video we can love

Alice Antheaume   A new test for French media

P. Kim Bui   The year journalism teaches again

Burt Herman   Local news gets interesting

David Chavern   Fake news gets solved

Tanya Cordrey   The resurgence of reach

Annemarie Dooling   UGC as a path out of the bubble

Tracie Powell   Building reader relationships

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon   Truthiness in private spaces

Bill Adair   The year of the fact-checking bot

David Skok   What lies beyond paywalls

Cory Haik   Navigating power in Trump’s America